Democracy is broadly understood to mean ‘rule by the people’.
In practice, it is often defined as people choosing their leaders in free and fair elections.
Other definitions go beyond this. For example, some of them see democracy as people having additional individual rights and being protected from the state.
Democracy gives citizens the right to influence important decisions over their own lives and allows them to hold their leaders accountable.
But it can have other benefits too: democratic countries seem better governed than autocracies, seem to grow faster, and foster more peaceful conduct within and between them.
On this page, you can find data, visualizations, and writing on how democracy has spread across countries, how it differs between them, and whether we are moving towards a more democratic world.
Related topics
Key insights
The world has become much more democratic over the last two centuries
Many more countries have become democracies over the last two hundred years. The chart shows — based on data from Regimes of the World (RoW) — that a much larger share of countries are now democracies.
In the late 18th century, no country could be meaningfully characterized as a democracy. RoW classifies almost all of them as closed autocracies, in which citizens do not have the right to choose their political leaders through elections.1
Elections spread throughout the 19th century, but they were often marred by limitations. Many countries became electoral autocracies, in which political leaders were chosen through elections, but citizens lacked additional freedoms to make those elections free and fair. Only a few countries held elections that were sufficiently meaningful to call them electoral democracies.2 And even fewer had the additional individual and minority rights and the constrained governments to consider them liberal democracies.3
Electoral and liberal democracy then spread to many countries in the 20th century. By the end of the century, they had become common political systems around the globe and could be found across all world regions.
Today, the world is about evenly split between autocracies and democracies, according to this data. Most non-democracies are electoral autocracies. And more than a third of all democracies have the additional individual and minority rights that characterize liberal democracies.
What you should know about this data
- In this chart, we identify the political systems of countries with the Regimes of the World data by political scientists Anna Lührmann, Marcus Tannenberg, and Staffan Lindberg4, published by the Varieties of Democracy project.5
- RoW distinguishes four types of political systems: closed autocracies, electoral autocracies, electoral democracies, and liberal democracies.
Closed autocracy: citizens do not have the right to choose either the chief executive of the government or the legislature through multi-party elections
Electoral autocracy: citizens have the right to choose the chief executive and the legislature through multi-party elections; but they lack some freedoms, such as the freedoms of association or expression that make the elections meaningful, free, and fair
Electoral democracy: citizens have the right to choose the chief executive and the legislature in meaningful, free and fair, and multi-party elections
Liberal democracy: electoral democracy and citizens enjoy individual and minority rights, are equal before the law, and the actions of the executive are constrained by the legislative and the courts
- We use the RoW classification and V-Dem data but expand the years and countries covered and refine the coding rules, as explained in our technical article on the RoW data.
- We use the RoW data here, but there are several other leading approaches to measuring democracy, which sometimes classify countries differently. You can explore them in our Democracy Data Explorer.
Two centuries ago, everyone lacked democratic rights. Now, billions of people have them
Billions of people have gained democratic rights over the last two centuries. The chart shows that many more people now live in democracies, based on the Regimes of the World (RoW) data.
In the 19th century, few people had democratic political rights. In 1800, almost everyone lived in political systems that RoW classifies as closed autocracies. No country was a democracy, and only 22 million people lived in the two countries classified as electoral autocracies: the United Kingdom and the United States.
Since then, many have gained democratic political rights, especially in the second half of the 20th century. By 2022, about 1.3 billion people lived in electoral democracies in all regions of the world: many live in the populous countries of Indonesia, Brazil, and South Africa. Another billion people lived in liberal democracies, such as those living in Chile, South Korea, and the United States.
While democratic rights have spread far, they are still far from universal. Because the world’s population grew faster than democracy spread, the total number of people without democratic rights is higher than ever. Almost all of them reside in just one country: China.
There have also been recent setbacks, with many people losing political rights. Most prominently the 1.4 billion people living in India, which — according to the RoW data — became an electoral autocracy in 2017. Other data sources agree that India has become less democratic, but overall still consider India a democracy6
In this article we provide more detail:
What you should know about this data
- To see what share of the world’s population lived in each regime, you can tick the ‘Relative’ box in the interactive visualization.
- For data on countries’ populations, we rely on combined data from Gapminder, the History database of the Global Environment (HYDE), and the United Nations Population Division.
- We identify the political systems of countries with the Regimes of the World data by political scientists Anna Lührmann, Marcus Tannenberg, and Staffan Lindberg7, published by the Varieties of Democracy project.8
- RoW distinguishes four types of political systems: closed autocracies, electoral autocracies, electoral democracies, and liberal democracies.
Closed autocracy: citizens do not have the right to choose either the chief executive of the government or the legislature through multi-party elections
Electoral autocracy: citizens have the right to choose the chief executive and the legislature through multi-party elections; but they lack some freedoms, such as the freedoms of association or expression that make the elections meaningful, free, and fair
Electoral democracy: citizens have the right to choose the chief executive and the legislature in meaningful, free and fair, and multi-party elections
Liberal democracy: electoral democracy and citizens enjoy individual and minority rights, are equal before the law, and the actions of the executive are constrained by the legislative and the courts
- We use the RoW classification and V-Dem data but expand the years and countries covered and refine the coding rules, as explained in our technical article on the RoW data.
- We use the RoW data here, but there are several other leading approaches to measuring democracy, which sometimes classify countries differently. You can explore them in our Democracy Data Explorer.
Many democracies are less than a generation old. Dictatorship is far from a distant memory
Democracy is young in most countries that are democratic today. The chart shows that most electoral democracies are younger than its more senior citizens, relying on the Regimes of the World data.
Based on the data, many democracies are less than a generation old. Some are younger than 18 — not older than the children in these countries — and others are only as old as the country’s young adults. In these democracies, most young people have experienced authoritarian rule, and older people have lacked democratic political rights for most of their lives.
A larger group of countries have been electoral democracies for one to three generations. In them, children and young adults have only known life in a democracy. But their parents and grandparents have still experienced non-democratic rule.
Only a few countries have been democratic for a long time and have been electoral democracies for three generations or more. Democracy there is older than almost all of their citizens.
Because electoral democracy is defined as political rights being broad, but not necessarily universal, not everyone has enjoyed democratic political rights in these countries. For example, governments in some countries have forbidden parts of the population, such as women, to vote and stand in elections.
Liberal democracy, in which citizens enjoy additional individual and minority rights, is an even rarer and more recent achievement than electoral democracy. And democracy is a recent achievement regardless of the measure used.
In this article we provide more detail:
What you should know about this data
- In this chart, we identify the political systems of countries with the Regimes of the World data by political scientists Anna Lührmann, Marcus Tannenberg, and Staffan Lindberg9, published by the Varieties of Democracy project.10
- Regimes of the World distinguishes four types of political systems: closed autocracies, electoral autocracies, electoral democracies, and liberal democracies.
Closed autocracy: citizens do not have the right to choose either the chief executive of the government or the legislature through multi-party elections
Electoral autocracy: citizens have the right to choose the chief executive and the legislature through multi-party elections; but they lack some freedoms, such as the freedoms of association or expression that make the elections meaningful, free, and fair
Electoral democracy: citizens have the right to choose the chief executive and the legislature in meaningful, free and fair, and multi-party elections
Liberal democracy: electoral democracy and citizens enjoy individual and minority rights, are equal before the law, and the actions of the executive are constrained by the legislative and the courts
- We use the RoW classification and V-Dem data but expand the years and countries covered and refine the coding rules, as explained in our technical article on the RoW data.
- We use the RoW data here, but there are several other leading approaches to measuring democracy, which sometimes classify countries differently. You can explore them in our Democracy Data Explorer.
People around the world have gained democratic rights, but some have many more rights than others
There are large differences in the degree to which citizens enjoy political rights — between democracies and non-democracies, but also within each group. The chart — relying on the Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) data — shows that some countries are much more democratic than others.
While almost all countries are much more democratic than they were 100 years ago, there are still large differences between them.
Some countries — mostly located in Europe and the Americas — are highly democratic: they have elected political leaders, elections are broadly free and fair, and most citizens have the right to vote.
Others, especially in Asia, are highly undemocratic. Based on V-Dem, this includes countries such as China, North Korea, and Saudi Arabia. There, citizens do not have the right to choose their political leaders in popular elections.
Most countries, often in Africa and Asia, fall somewhere in the middle. Political leaders are elected and citizens have the right to vote there, but their rights to associate and express their opinions are limited, and elections are not entirely free and fair.
The chart looks at electoral democratic institutions. Looking at liberal democracy or data from other leading approaches shows similar differences.
In this article we provide more detail:
What you should know about this data
- In this chart, we rely on the Electoral Democracy Index by the Varieties of Democracy project11 to measure democracy.
- The Electoral Democracy Index scores each country on a spectrum, with some countries being more democratic than others. Political systems with the following features are considered more democratic:
Elected political leaders: broad elections choose the chief executive and legislature
Comprehensive voting rights: all adult citizens have the legal right to vote in national elections
Free and fair elections: no election violence, government intimidation, fraud, large irregularities, and vote-buying
Freedom of association: parties and civil society organizations can form and operate freely
Freedom of expression: people can voice their views and the media can present different political perspectives
- We expand the years and countries covered by the V-Dem data as explained in our article on the data.
- We use the V-Dem data here, but there are several other leading approaches to measuring democracy, which sometimes score countries very differently. You can explore them in our Democracy Data Explorer.
The world has recently become less democratic
The world has become less democratic in recent years. The chart shows that more countries have been autocratizing recently, based on the Episodes of Regime Transformation (ERT) data.
The number of countries that are autocratizing has been increasing: for 2022, ERT identifies 40 that were autocratizing — an all-time high.
For a long time, the number of autocratizing countries was offset by democratizing ones. But since 2012, the number of countries that are becoming more autocratic has been higher.
Other approaches to measuring democracy also suggest that the world has recently become less democratic — the number of democracies has declined; fewer people are living in democracies, countries and people have on average fewer democratic rights, and more people live in autocratizing countries.
The world was at its democratic ‘all-time high’ in the early 2010s. But since then it has fallen, and now looks more like the 2000s, the 1990s, or even the late 1980s, depending on which democracy measure we rely on.
We have seen similar democratic declines before, and past declines were reversed. People fought previous phases of autocratization in the 1930s and 1960/70s, turned the tide, and pushed democratic rights to unprecedented heights. We can do it again.
In this article we provide more detail:
What you should know about this data
- For data on which countries are becoming less or more democratic, we rely on data from the Episodes of Regime Transformation project.12
- We use their data to identify which countries are autocratizing, democratizing, and which countries are not clearly moving in either direction.13
- ERT seeks to strike a balance between large and small changes in how democratic countries are. 14 It captures smaller changes in the level of democracy that fall short of regime change. At the same time, it only codes a country as autocratizing when there is a substantial decrease in its democracy score. This is because very small decreases may be fleeting and not indicate broader shifts towards less democracy, or overstate changes altogether because the measurement is uncertain.15 ERT also allows for temporary stagnation because autocratization may not happen abruptly in one year, but slowly over several years.16
- We use the ERT data here, but there are several other leading approaches to measuring democracy, which sometimes classify or score countries differently. You can explore them in our Democracy Data Explorer.
Explore data on Democracy
This explorer seeks to make data on democracy easier to access and understand. It provides and explains data from eight leading democracy datasets: their main democracy measures, indicators of specific characteristics, and global and regional overviews. You can learn more about the approaches — and which democracy measure may be best to answer your questions — in our article explaining how researchers measure democracy.
Research & Writing
More Key articles on Democracy
In most countries, democracy is a recent achievement. Dictatorship is far from a distant memory
Bastian Herre
People around the world have gained democratic rights, but some have many more rights than others
Bastian Herre
Does democracy lead to better health?
Esteban Ortiz-Ospina
Measuring Democracy
Interactive charts on Democracy
- Countries that are democracies and autocraciesRegimes of the World
- Distribution of electoral democracyV-Dem
- Distribution of electoral democracyV-Dem, weighted by population
- Electoral democracy indexV-Dem
- Liberal democracyV-Dem
- People living in democracies and autocraciesRegimes of the World
- Political regimeRegimes of the World
- Political regimeBoix et al.
- Political regimeLexical Index
- Access to justice for menRegimes of the World
- Access to justice for womenRegimes of the World
- Age of democracyBoix et al.
- Age of democracyBoix et al., including women's right to vote
- Age of democracyPolity
- Age of electoral democracyRegimes of the World
- Age of electoral democracyLexical Index
- Age of liberal democracyRegimes of the World
- Age of polyarchyLexical Index
- Basic state functionsBTI
- Child mortality rate vs. electoral democracy
- Citizen satisfaction with democracy
- Citizen support for democracy
- Civil liberties indexEIU
- Civil liberties ratingFreedom House, rating
- Civil liberties scoreFreedom House, score
- Civil rights scoreBTI
- Civil society participationV-Dem
- Common good justificationsV-Dem
- Competitive electionsLexical Index
- Competitiveness of executive recruitmentPolity
- Competitiveness of political participationPolity
- Constraints on the executivePolity
- Countries that are democracies and autocraciesRegimes of the World, including ambiguous regimes
- Countries that are democracies and autocraciesLexical Index
- Countries that are democracies and autocraciesBTI
- Countries that are democracies and non-democraciesBoix et al.
- Countries that are democracies and non-democraciesBoix et al., including women's right to vote
- Countries that are democracies and non-democraciesFreedom House
- Countries that are democracies and non-democraciesPolity 5
- Countries that are democracies and non-democraciesEIU
- Countries that are democratizing and autocratizingEpisodes of Regime Transformation
- Countries that are long-standing democraciesBoix et al.
- Countries that are long-standing democraciesBoix et al., including women's right to vote
- Countries that are long-standing democraciesPolity
- Countries that are long-standing electoral democraciesRegimes of the World
- Countries that are long-standing electoral democraciesLexical Index
- Countries that are long-standing liberal democraciesRegimes of the World
- Countries that are long-standing polyarchiesLexical Index
- Countries with universal right to vote
- Deliberative democracyV-Dem
- Deliberative democracyV-Dem, weighted by population
- Deliberative political institutionsV-Dem
- DemocracyPolity
- DemocracyPolity, weighted by population
- DemocracyEIU
- DemocracyEIU, weighted by population
- Democratic cultureEIU
- Democratic electoral institutionsFreedom House
- Democratic featuresBTI
- Democratic featuresBTI, weighted by population
- Direct popular votingV-Dem
- Distribution of deliberative democracyV-Dem, weighted by population
- Distribution of deliberative democracyV-Dem
- Distribution of democracyPolity, weighted by population
- Distribution of democracyEIU, weighted by population
- Distribution of democracyEIU
- Distribution of democracyPolity
- Distribution of democratic featuresBTI
- Distribution of democratic featuresBTI, weighted by population
- Distribution of egalitarian democracyV-Dem, weighted by population
- Distribution of egalitarian democracyV-Dem
- Distribution of liberal democracyV-Dem, weighted by population
- Distribution of liberal democracyV-Dem
- Distribution of participatory democracyV-Dem
- Distribution of participatory democracyV-Dem, weighted by population
- Effective power to governBTI
- Egalitarian democracyV-Dem
- Egalitarian democracyV-Dem, weighted by population
- Egalitarian political institutionsV-Dem
- Elected political leaders
- Election voter turnout rate by age in the United States
- Elections for government's chief executiveLexical Index
- Elections for legislatureLexical Index
- Electoral democracyV-Dem, weighted by population
- Electoral democracyLexical Index
- Electoral democracyRegimes of the World
- Electoral democracy today vs. past average years of schooling
- Electoral pluralismEIU
- Elite consultationsV-Dem
- Engaged societyV-Dem
- Equal access to power indexV-Dem
- Equal resource distribution indexV-Dem
- Equal rights protection indexV-Dem
- Experience with democracyBoix et al.
- Experience with democracyBoix et al., including women's right to vote
- Experience with democracyPolity
- Experience with electoral democracyRegimes of the World
- Experience with electoral democracyLexical Index
- Experience with liberal democracyRegimes of the World
- Experience with polyarchyLexical Index
- Free and fair electionsV-Dem
- Free and fair electionsRegimes of the World
- Free and fair electionsBTI
- Free countries and territoriesFreedom House
- Freedom of association indexV-Dem
- Freedom of association scoreBTI
- Freedom of expression indexV-Dem
- Freedom of expression scoreBTI
- Functioning governmentEIU
- GDP per capita vs. electoral democracy
- Government effectiveness vs. liberal democracy
- Human rights index vs. electoral democracy index
- Individual liberties and equality before the law index
- Judicial constraints on the executive
- Justified political positionsV-Dem
- Legislative constraints on the executive
- Liberal democracyV-Dem, weighted by population
- Liberal democracyRegimes of the World
- Liberal political institutionsRegimes of the World
- Liberal political institutions
- Life expectancy vs. liberal democracy
- Meaningful democratic electoral institutionsRegimes of the World
- Men's universal right to voteLexical Index
- Multi-party electionsRegimes of the World
- Multi-party elections for government's chief executiveRegimes of the World
- Multi-party elections for legislatureRegimes of the World
- Number of democracies by ageBoix et al.
- Number of democracies by ageBoix et al., including women's right to vote
- Number of democracies by agePolity
- Number of electoral democracies by ageRegimes of the World
- Number of electoral democracies by ageLexical Index
- Number of liberal democracies by ageRegimes of the World
- Number of polyarchies by ageLexical Index
- Openness of executive recruitmentPolity
- Participatory democracyV-Dem, weighted by population
- Participatory democracyV-Dem
- Participatory political institutionsV-Dem
- People living in countries with universal right to vote
- People living in democracies and autocraciesRegimes of the World, including ambiguous regimes
- People living in democracies and autocraciesLexical Index
- People living in democracies and autocraciesBTI
- People living in democracies and non-democraciesPolity IV
- People living in democracies and non-democraciesBoix et al.
- People living in democracies and non-democraciesBoix et al., including women's right to vote
- People living in democracies and non-democraciesFreedom House
- People living in democracies and non-democraciesPolity
- People living in democracies and non-democraciesEIU
- People living in democratizing and autocratizing countriesEpisodes of Regime Transformation
- People living in free countries and territoriesFreedom House
- People living in long-standing democraciesBoix et al.
- People living in long-standing democraciesBoix et al., including women's right to vote
- People living in long-standing democraciesPolity
- People living in long-standing electoral democraciesRegimes of the World
- People living in long-standing electoral democraciesLexical Index
- People living in long-standing liberal democraciesRegimes of the World
- People living in long-standing polyarchiesLexical Index
- Political and social integrationBTI
- Political libertiesLexical Index
- Political oppositionLexical Index
- Political participationBTI
- Political regimeRegimes of the World, including ambiguous regimes
- Political regimeBoix et al., including women's right to vote
- Political regimeFreedom House, free countries
- Political regimeFreedom House, electoral democracies
- Political regimePolity
- Political regimeBTI
- Political regimeEIU
- Political regimeEpisodes of Regime Transformation
- Political rightsFreedom House, score
- Political rightsFreedom House, rating
- PolyarchyLexical Index
- Regulation of political participationPolity
- Respect for counterargumentsV-Dem
- Rule of lawBTI
- Separation of powersBTI
- Share of adult citizens who have the right to vote
- Stability of democratic institutionsBTI
- StatenessBTI
- Strong elected local governmentsV-Dem
- Strong elected regional governmentsV-Dem
- Taxation vs. electoral democracy
- Transparent lawsRegimes of the World
- Universal right to voteLexical Index
- Varieties of democracyV-Dem, weighted by population
- Varieties of democracyV-Dem
- Voter turnout
- Women's political empowerment index vs. electoral democracy index
- Women's universal right to voteLexical Index